When Students Are Labeled as a Lower-Performing Group, the Stigma

question 11

Multiple Choice

When students are labeled as a lower-performing group, the stigma of that assignment could reduce performance in those students, a phenomenon known as ______.

• A) self-fulfilling prophecy
• B) confirmation bias
• C) differential expectations
• D) differential association

---

Definitions:

Expectation

The belief or anticipation about the occurrence of something in the future or about receiving something.

Location-Based Marketing

A marketing strategy that targets consumers based on their geographic location, typically using mobile device technology.

Location-Based Services

Digital services that use geographic data and information to provide users with relevant content or functionalities based on their location.

Campaigns

Organized efforts or strategies undertaken by businesses or organizations to achieve specific goals, such as promoting a product or raising awareness on an issue.