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Why Is a Strong Statistical Association in a Single Study

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Why is a strong statistical association in a single study insufficient to show causal relations?


Definitions:

Organic Solidarity

A social cohesion based on the dependence individuals have on each other in more advanced societies, according to Durkheim.

Mechanical Solidarity

A form of social cohesion in traditional societies where unity comes from shared values and common activities.

Diversity

The inclusion of different types of people (such as different races or cultures) in a group or organization, valuing heterogeneity in various dimensions.

Repressive Law

A form of legal and social control characterized by the restriction of freedoms and the use of punishment to maintain order and enforce compliance.

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