What Can Be Said of Confounding If There Is No

question 88

Multiple Choice

What can be said of confounding if there is no association between the exposure and purported confounder?

• A) There is a positive confounding effect.
• B) There is a negative confounding effect.
• C) There is no confounding effect.
• D) The confounding effect is influenced by effect modification.

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Definitions:

Need Satisfaction

The fulfillment of a desire or requirement, especially as it pertains to consumer demands or employee expectations.

Maslow's Hierarchy

A theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow that suggests human needs are arranged in a hierarchy, from physiological needs to self-actualization.

Esteem Needs

A concept in Maslow's hierarchy of needs referring to the human desire for respect, self-esteem, and recognition from others.

Self-Actualisation Needs

The highest level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, representing the realization of an individual's potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth, and peak experiences.