What Is the Effect of the "Motherhood Penalty" on Working

question 9

Multiple Choice

What is the effect of the "motherhood penalty" on working women, according to Michelle Budig and Paula England's 2001 study?

• A) Women were 5 times less likely to find work after having children.
• B) Women's income declined by 7% for each child they had.
• C) Working women choose not to have children or to wait until their 40s to try to have children.
• D) Women were taxed at a higher rate than men after having children.

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Definitions:

Personal Residence

The home in which a person or family lives as their primary place of residence, potentially qualifying for certain tax benefits.

Gain Exclusion

A provision in tax law allowing taxpayers to exclude certain types of financial gains from their taxable income, such as the sale of a primary residence.

Spouse

A legally wedded husband or wife.

Gross Profit Percentage

A financial metric used to assess a company's financial health by showing the proportion of money left over from revenues after accounting for the cost of goods sold, expressed as a percentage.