When Constructing Causal Arguments, Researchers Must Ensure That That the Manipulation

question 14

Multiple Choice

When constructing causal arguments, researchers must ensure that that the manipulation of the independent variable occurs before the change in the dependent variable. This criterion is known as

• A) Covariance
• B) Time order
• C) Controlling for competing explanations
• D) All of the above

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Definitions:

Probability

The chance or risk of a particular event happening, represented as a fraction of total possible outcomes.

Plastic Arrow

Refers to an arrow made of plastic, often used for indoor archery practice or as a toy.

Probability Assignment

The process of assigning a likelihood to the occurrence of an event based on known parameters or outcomes.

Legitimate

Valid or acceptable according to the law or rules; genuine or right.