When Constructing Causal Arguments, Researchers Must Ensure That That the Manipulation

question 14

Multiple Choice

When constructing causal arguments, researchers must ensure that that the manipulation of the independent variable occurs before the change in the dependent variable. This criterion is known as

• A) Covariance
• B) Time order
• C) Controlling for competing explanations
• D) All of the above

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Definitions:

Distress

A negative stress that can result from adverse events, leading to physical and psychological discomfort.

Daily Life

The routine activities and experiences that make up an individual's everyday existence.

DSM-IV-TR

The fourth edition, text revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, used for psychiatric diagnosis and classification.

Axes

Reference lines used in graphs and charts to show data points and support the visualization of trends, typically including horizontal (x-axis) and vertical (y-axis) lines.