How Can Nephrotoxic Drugs Such as Doxycycline and Rifampin Cause

question 2

Multiple Choice

How can nephrotoxic drugs such as doxycycline and rifampin cause kidney damage?

• A) Bacterial destruction of the nephrons
• B) Chemical alterations of glomeruli
• C) Necrosis of tubules from reduction of oxygenation
• D) "Clumping" of cellular debris from killed bacteria

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Definitions:

Local Currents

Electrical currents that flow in the neuronal membrane due to the movement of ions in and out of the neuron, vital for the propagation of action potentials.

Absolute Refractory Period

A time period during which a neuron cannot fire another action potential, no matter how strong the stimulus.

Inactivation Gates

Structures within ion channels of neuron cell membranes that close to stop ion flow, contributing to the regulation of action potentials and neuronal firing.

Voltage-Gated Channels

Protein channels in cell membranes that open or close in response to changes in electrical membrane potential, crucial for action potentials.