Patients with Spinal Cord Injuries in a Conditioned Fear Task

question 12

Multiple Choice

Patients with spinal cord injuries in a conditioned fear task show ___________ in an fMRI compared to non-injured controls.

• A) no difference in brain activation
• B) diminished activation in the prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate
• C) increased activation in the prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate
• D) diminished activation in the prefrontal cortex and increased activation in the posterior cingulate

---

Definitions:

Echolalia

The automatic and immediate repetition of words or phrases spoken by others, often observed in individuals with autism spectrum disorder and certain other conditions.

Pronoun Reversal

A linguistic phenomenon often observed in the language development of children where they incorrectly use personal pronouns (e.g., referring to themselves as "you" and to others as "I").

Language Disturbance

Disorders affecting the comprehension and use of language, including difficulties in speaking, reading, writing, and understanding spoken or written language.

Social Referencing

The process by which individuals look to others in their environment for cues on how to react or behave in certain situations.