When One Image Is Able to Predict the Appearance of a Second

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The Answer is This is known as "classical conditioning", first discovered and published by Ivan Pavlov (1897), who experimented with salivation (unconditioned response) as a response to the presentation of food (unconditioned stimulus), but which was then paired with the ringing of a bell (conditioned stimulus). After only a few training sessions, the ringing of the bell elicited salivation (conditioned response). So, the bell now predicted salivation. Although this paradigm involved the auditory and autonomic systems, this trained pairing can occur exclusively in the visual system as well, where one image predicts the presentation of another image. In this case, the inferotemporal (TE) cortex, which is posterior to the perihinal cortex, each "preferring" their own respective images. After a small number of trials, the TE's preferred image can be used to predict the presentation of the perihinal cortex's preferred image. Moreover, timing of responses is critical: When the preferred image of the perhinal appeared, this cortex responded before those in the TE; but, when the preferred image of the TE appeared soon afterwards, perihinal neurons responded after the TE neurons did. This represents posterior-to-anterior flow of information. But, when TE neurons received signals that predicted the presentation of perihinal's preferred stimulus, this represents anterior-to-posterior flow of information.

When One Image Is Able to Predict the Appearance of a Second

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