How Can Ion Exchange Mechanisms Be Made to Run Backwards

question 41

Multiple Choice

How can ion exchange mechanisms be made to run backwards?

• A) By altering one or more of the ion gradient involved in the exchange
• B) By inhibiting ATP hydrolysis
• C) By hyperpolarizing the resting membrane potential
• D) By replacing extracellular sodium with lithium
• E) By removing calcium from the extracellular solution

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