Consider a Study in Which People Were Recruited and Followed

question 17

Multiple Choice

Consider a study in which people were recruited and followed for 40 years to determine their health problems. The researchers were interested in lung cancer so at the end of the study they counted the number of participants who had died from lung cancer, or currently had it, and those that did not. They also counted how many were non-smokers their whole life or had been smokers at some point in their lives. The number of non-smokers with lung cancer was 36 and the number of non-smokers with no sign of lung cancer was 815. The number of smokers with lung cancer was 26 and the number of smokers with no sign of lung cancer was 161.
To determine whether there appears to be a statistically significant relationship between smoking and risk of lung cancer we would conduct a χ² analysis. Based on the results of this analysis, which of the following is the most appropriate conclusion?

• A) Smoking appears to significantly elevate the risk of lung cancer (P > 0.05)
• B) Smoking appears to significantly elevate the risk of lung cancer (P < 0.05)
• C) Smoking appears to significantly reduce the risk of lung cancer (P < 0.01)
• D) These data do not provide sufficient evidence that smoking changes the risk of lung cancer (P < 0.05)

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Definitions:

Dispatching

The process of sending out goods or deploying resources to a particular destination or for a specific task.

Forward Scheduling

A planning method where tasks are scheduled from the present date forward into the future, aiming to meet deadlines by determining the earliest possible start times.

Unintentional Outputs

Unintentional outputs are results or consequences that occur without being a primary target or goal of an action or process, often unexpected.

Output Phase

The stage in a production or operation process where the final product or service is completed and ready for consumption or distribution.