[Solved] Average product is equal to labor divided by quantity. Ancillary Vertical Restraints: Restrictions imposed in distribution agreements, designed to support the main purpose of the contract and enhance competitiveness. Joint Undertaking: A collaborative effort or venture between two or more parties where each shares in the responsibilities, resources, and risks. Naked Horizontal Restraints: Unjustified agreements between competitors at the same level of the market to restrict trade or manipulate market conditions, deemed anticompetitive and illegal under antitrust law. Restrain Competition: Actions or agreements that limit free trade and competition in a market.