How Did Russian Citizens Experience the Initial Transition to a Market

question 50

Multiple Choice

How did Russian citizens experience the initial transition to a market economy in the 1990s?

• A) The reforms initiated by Gorbachev in the 1980s had already put in place basic free-market structures, which made the transition to a market economy generally smooth.
• B) Although there were initial difficulties, by the early 1990s the economy had stabilized and Russians had access to consumer goods and sufficient food supply to live well.
• C) Wealthy and middle-class Russians had few problems as their jobs were secure, but the working class experienced difficulties as their jobs became obsolete in the free market.
• D) Nearly all Russians experienced deprivation and misery as inflation soared, the food supply disintegrated, and nearly all salaries went unpaid.

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Definitions:

Rescorla-Wagner

A model proposing that the strength of a conditioned response depends on the unexpectedness of the unconditioned stimulus.

Comparator Theory

The theory that the ability of a particular stimulus to elicit a conditioned response (CR) depends upon a comparison of the level of conditioning to that stimulus and to other stimuli paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Attentional Theory

The theory or set of theories that describe how individuals focus on specific stimuli and how this focus affects perception and cognitive processes.

Blocking Effect

A phenomenon in learning where the presence of an established condition stimulus prevents the acquisition of a new conditioned stimulus.