In the Thirteenth Century, Papal Attempts to Bring All of Christian

question 42

Essay

In the thirteenth century, papal attempts to bring all of Christian Europe under the guidance of the pope suffered severe challenges. Describe the ways in which several thirteenth-century popes attempted to assert and define their power. How did these attempts conflict with the goals of the German emperor Frederick II and the French king Philip the Fair? By the end of the century, how had these struggles affected the positions of the pope, the German emperor, and the French king?

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Definitions:

Futures Contracts

Financial contracts obligating the buyer to purchase an asset (like a commodity or financial instrument) and the seller to sell the asset at a predetermined future date and price.

Forward Contracts

Financial derivatives that obligate the buyer to purchase and the seller to sell a specific asset at a predetermined future date and price.

Marked-To-Market

Marked-to-market refers to the practice of valuing assets or financial instruments based on their current market prices.

Option Contract

A financial derivative that provides the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an asset at a specified price within a specific time period.