Why Did Four Popes Excommunicate Frederick II

question 22

Multiple Choice

Why did four popes excommunicate Frederick II?

• A) He wanted to control Italy, and in an era of papal expansion, the popes were threatened by his territorial and imperial claims.
• B) He had supported heretical movements, including the Cathars in southern France.
• C) He had worked too closely with Jews and Muslims because of his Sicilian ties.
• D) He had challenged the authority of the clergy to administer the new sacraments created by the Fourth Lateran Council.

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Definitions:

Relative Risk

A measure in epidemiology that compares the risk of a health event among one group with the risk among another group.

Sample Proportion

A statistical measure that represents the proportion of success or a particular attribute in a sample.

Confidence Interval

A range of values, derived from sample statistics, that is likely to contain the value of an unknown population parameter, giving an estimate of the uncertainty around the main measurement.

Population Proportions

Ratios or fractions that represent parts of a whole for specified groups within a population.