Why Is the Gram-Negative Spirochete Treponema Pallidum Able to Evade

question 11

Multiple Choice

Why is the Gram-negative spirochete Treponema pallidum able to evade immune system detection? (Select all that apply)

• A) there are not very many antigenic proteins imbedded in the LPS of the outer membrane
• B) the single flagellum is hidden as an axial filament under the outer membrane of the cell wall
• C) immune system detection occurs only after an individual cell dies leaving the living progeny able to cause disease
• D) T. pallidum can hide inside living cells

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Definitions:

Proximate-Level Hypothesis

A theory aiming to explain the immediate causes of biological processes or behaviors, focusing on mechanisms such as genetics, physiology, and environment.

Circadian Rhythm

The internal biological clock that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and other physiological processes within a roughly 24-hour period.

Juvenile Hormone (JH)

A regulatory substance produced by certain insects, involved in the control of development, reproduction, and other physiological functions.

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A type of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis, playing a key role in the process of gene expression.