Edwin Guthrie Argued That Learning Occurs as a Gradual Process

question 42

Multiple Choice

Edwin Guthrie argued that learning occurs as a gradual process because

• A) learning that a particular response leads to a particular outcome is more difficult than learning a stimulus-stimulus association.
• B) only a small set of stimulus elements gets connected to the response on each trial.
• C) learning to perform a response correctly takes practice, since the subject inevitably gets confused or has difficulty producing a series of behaviors in the correct sequence.
• D) competing evolutionary tendencies must be overcome before a subject can learn to produce the arbitrary instrumental response the researcher has designated.

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Definitions:

Direct Labor

The expenses incurred on salaries for workers directly engaged in manufacturing goods or providing services.

Overhead Costs

The ongoing expenses of operating a business that are not directly attributed to product production, including administrative and selling expenses.

Work in Process Account

An account in the general ledger that accumulates costs related to partially completed products during a specific accounting period.

Job Order Costing Method

A costing method used to accumulate costs of production by job or order, suitable for customized or unique products and services.