A Negative Contingency Is a Situation in Which

question 32

Multiple Choice

A negative contingency is a situation in which

• A) neither a CS nor a US will occur.
• B) a CS but not a US will occur.
• C) a US will occur during the presentation of the CS as well as when the CS is absent.
• D) a CS is paired with an aversive US.

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Definitions:

Expected Values

The predicted value of a variable, calculated as the sum of all possible values each multiplied by the probability of its occurrence.

Standard Deviation

A statistical measure that quantifies the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data values.

Mean

Mean is the arithmetic average of a set of numbers, calculated by dividing the sum of these numbers by the count of numbers in the set.

Fixed Costs

Business expenses that do not vary with the level of production or sales, such as rent, salaries, and insurance.