In Studies That Examine the Effect of Punishment on General

question 37

Multiple Choice

In studies that examine the effect of punishment on general deterrence, certainty of punishment is often measured in terms of:

• A) arrest rates
• B) juvenile court referral rates
• C) adjudication rates
• D) probation rates
• E) confinement rates

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Definitions:

Party Whip

An official in a political party whose primary purpose is to ensure party discipline and secure vote unity among its members in legislative votes.

Majority Leader

The head of the majority party in a legislative body, who often has a significant influence in directing legislative priorities and managing actions on the floor.

Republican Decline

A period or trend where the Republican Party experiences a decrease in influence, support, or electoral success.

Newt Gingrich's Revolution

Refers to the significant political shift in the U.S. Congress led by Newt Gingrich in the 1994 mid-term elections, resulting in Republican control of both houses for the first time in decades.