Papachristos and Kirk (2006)'s Finding of a Mediating Relationship Among

question 2

Multiple Choice

Papachristos and Kirk (2006) 's finding of a mediating relationship among collective efficacy, concentrated disadvantage, and violent behavior indicated which of the following?

• A) Neither collective efficacy nor concentrated disadvantage impacted violent gang behavior.
• B) Collective efficacy impacts violent gang behavior through levels of concentrated disadvantage.
• C) The magnitude of the impact of collective efficacy and concentrated disadvantage could not be determined.
• D) Concentrated disadvantage impacts violent gang behavior, regardless of collective efficacy.

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Definitions:

Dynamic Environment

A situation or setting that is constantly changing and requires organizations or individuals to adapt quickly to new challenges and opportunities.

Royal Dutch/Shell

A global group of energy and petrochemical companies, known for its exploration, production, refining, and marketing of oil and natural gas.

Management by Objectives

A management strategy designed to enhance an organization's performance through the establishment of clear goals concurred upon by both the employees and management.

Regular Communication

The consistent exchange of information between individuals or groups to ensure smooth operation and understanding.