The Open-Hidden Paradigm in Pain Research Has Demonstrated

question 30

Multiple Choice

The open-hidden paradigm in pain research has demonstrated:

• A) inert medicines administered to patients who believe they have pain-killing actions can reduce patients' reported pain levels
• B) inert medicines administered to patients who are told that the treatments are placebos can reduce patients' reported pain levels
• C) hidden administration of an analgesic medication diminishes patient response
• D) uncontrollable noxious stimuli are perceived by patients as more painful than controllable stimuli

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