If an Association Between Two Variables Is Determined to Be

question 33

Multiple Choice

If an association between two variables is determined to be causal, which two criteria could be used to strengthen the validity of that determination?

• A) empirical association and mechanism
• B) mechanism and doseresponse
• C) nonspuriousness and time order
• D) time order and doseresponse

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Definitions:

Central Bank

The principal monetary authority of a country, responsible for regulating the money supply, issuing currency, and controlling interest rates.

Money Supply

The total amount of monetary assets available in an economy at a specific time, including currency and various types of deposits.

Fisher Effect

The economic theory proposing that the real interest rate is independent of monetary measures, especially the nominal interest rate and the expected inflation rate.

Real Interest Rate

The rate of interest an investor expects to receive after allowing for inflation, showing the real gain of an investment.