In Which of the Following Research Questions Is Income an Independent

question 15

Multiple Choice

In which of the following research questions is income an independent variable?

• A) Does parental income influence a child's acceptance into a prestigious university?
• B) Does participating in Greek life in college increase a student's chances of high-paying employment immediately upon graduation?
• C) Which factor is more influential in determining a person's income: race or education?
• D) Are most people satisfied with their income?

Distinguish between one-tailed and two-tailed hypothesis testing.

Interpret the statistical significance of research findings based on p-values.

Understand the concept of degrees of freedom in statistical analysis.

Differentiate between direct, indirect (negative), and nondirectional correlations.

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Definitions:

Conservation

The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

Piaget's Stages

A theory describing the cognitive development of children, segmented into four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

Sensorimotor Stage

In Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

Concrete Operational

A stage in cognitive development, according to Piaget, where children aged about 7-12 years develop logical thinking but are still not capable of abstract thinking.