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What are the 5 assumptions for testing hypotheses of and . Describe each assumption.
Substance P
A neuropeptide involved in the transmission of pain and other sensory signals to the brain, also implicated in inflammatory processes.
Endorphins
Neurotransmitters produced by the nervous system to cope with pain or stress, often described as "natural painkillers."
Sodium Ions
Charged particles of sodium, essential for the electrical signaling in nervous system and regulation of blood pressure.
Vestibular Sensation
The sense related to balance and spatial orientation, arising from the inner ear and processed by the brain's vestibular system.
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