In Examining Threats to Internal Validity History, Selection Bias and Testing

question 25

Multiple Choice

In examining threats to internal validity history, selection bias and testing are described below. Which of the following is NOT a description of those threats?

• A) Events outside the program differentially affect the scores of the experimental or comparison group.
• B) Differences in the dropout rate between the experimental group and the comparison group differentially affect effect the scores between the two groups.
• C) Members of the experimental and comparison groups are not truly equal on all important factors.
• D) The pretest differentially affected the learning of the experimental or comparison group.

---

Definitions:

Expected Utility

A theory in economics that calculates the utility expected from a risky or uncertain choice, aiming to maximize satisfaction.

Risk-averse

A characteristic of individuals who prefer to avoid taking risks and are likely to choose options that minimize uncertainty.

Probability

The determination of the possibility that an event will happen, quantified between 0 and 1.

Expected Utility

A theory in economics that calculates the utility of an entity based on the probabilistic outcomes of its choices.