Social Problems Often Do Not Have Causal Chains but Instead

question 12

True/False

Social Problems often do not have causal chains but instead rely on correlations, associations, and probabilities between outcomes.

---

Definitions:

Fixed-Interval

A schedule of reinforcement where a response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed, commonly used in behavioral psychology.

Variable-Ratio

A reinforcement schedule where rewards are given after a random number of responses, encouraging high and steady response rates.

Behavior Modification

Using conditioning to improve behavior.

Operant Conditioning

A method of learning wherein the intensity of an action is altered by either rewards or penalties.