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Epicurus: Letter to Menoeceus and Leading Doctrines

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Epicurus: Letter to Menoeceus and Leading Doctrines
In these two writings, Epicurus provides a sketch of his practical philosophy, which is centered on the concept of living a life free from pain and fear. In his view, the key to the good life lies in three philosophical doctrines, for the best sort of person is one who "holds reverent opinions concerning the gods, and is at all times free from fear of death, and has reasoned out the end ordained by nature." First, Epicurus claims that although the gods do exist, most people hold false and impious views of them. Although many people are concerned to please the gods so that they might be rewarded and not punished, Epicurus claims that the gods are blessed immortal beings who do not intervene in human affairs. Second, Epicurus argues that fear of death is irrational, because death cannot harm us. Harm, in Epicurus's view, consists of unpleasant sensations. Because death is the absence of sensations, death cannot harm the dead. If death cannot harm us when it arrives, it is senseless to fear it in advance. Death, Epicurus claims, is nothing to us, and is neither to be feared nor yearned for.
Finally, Epicurus presents his view of the end of human life set by nature. All human beings act for the sake of pleasure, and the absence of pain and fear. This end is both what we do seek, and also what we ought to seek, in everything we do. Nonetheless, Epicurus holds that it is rational to forgo certain pleasures if doing so will allow us to avoid greater pains in the future, and to suffer minor pains in return for greater pleasures later. We will best achieve the end of pleasure and freedom from pain and fear if we live simply, avoiding luxury and indulgence. Furthermore, one cannot live a pleasant life without living honorably and justly. Despite the importance he places on pleasure, the life that Epicurus recommends is not one of sensual indulgence, but a simple and austere life of philosophy and the cultivation of virtue.
-In Epicurus's view, justice is:

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