Jeremy Bentham: an Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation

question 30

Multiple Choice

Jeremy Bentham: An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
Bentham endorses both a descriptive and a normative version of hedonism, the view that the human good is pleasure and absence of pain. According to the descriptive version, all human actions are performed for the sake of obtaining pleasure and avoiding pain. According to the normative version, what we ought to do is determined solely by considerations of pleasure and pain. As a development of this normative thesis, Bentham goes on to endorse the principle of utility, the claim that an action is right when it tends to add to the sum total of the pleasures of those affected, where this "sum" is conceived of as the total amount of pleasure minus the total amount of pain.
Bentham claims that the words right and wrong can have no other meaning than that laid out by the principle of utility, and that alternative moral theories usually end up invoking utilitarian considerations. Nonetheless, Bentham admits that the principle of utility cannot be directly proved, because it is the foundational principle from which ethical arguments begin. Bentham critiques the rival "principle of sympathy and antipathy" according to which an action is right if and only if one approves of it. This principle, Bentham objects, is really no principle at all, for a principle is supposed to tell us when our attitudes are justified, but the principle of sympathy and antipathy merely assumes in advance that our attitudes have such justification.
Taking the principle of utility as established, Bentham concludes with a discussion of how we are to apply it. He distinguishes four sources of pleasure and pain: physical, political, moral, and religious. He then discusses the various ways in which pleasures and pains can be quantitatively different. Determining our moral obligations requires weighing various pleasures and pains against each other, and seeking the greatest balance between them. Bentham notes that we needn't perform such calculations every time we act, but insists that we should always keep them in the back of our mind.
-Bentham claims that utilitarian calculations:

• A) should be performed prior to each action.
• B) need not be performed before each action, but should always be kept in mind.
• C) are merely a formal device, and do not have practical application.
• D) are fundamentally flawed.

---

Definitions:

Early Plants

Refers to the first primitive forms of plant life that began to emerge on Earth over 500 million years ago, playing a crucial role in the development of terrestrial ecosystems.

Gemma

A small asexual reproductive structure found in some plants, such as liverworts, that can develop into a new organism.

Liverworts

A group of non-vascular plants belonging to the plant division Marchantiophyta, often found in moist, shaded environments.

Lycopodiophyta

A division of plants, commonly known as clubmosses, characterized by a primitive vascular system, often found in moist, shaded environments.