R. M. Hare: Freedom and Reason

question 25

Multiple Choice

R. M. Hare: Freedom and Reason
Hare argues that moral judgments are universalizable and prescriptive. That is, he claims that to genuinely make a moral judgment, one must be willing to universalize that judgment-if you claim that another person ought not do x, you must also be willing to admit that you ought not do x if faced with the same circumstances. Furthermore, he maintains that moral judgments are characteristically prescriptive, such that making the judgment "I ought to do x" involves (among other things) accepting the prescription "Let me do x."
Given these two features of moral judgments, Hare develops a theory of moral reasoning that parallels scientific reasoning. Like scientific reasoning, moral reasoning involves assessing general principles by attempting to falsify their particular consequences. While scientific hypotheses can be falsified only by actual observations, however, Hare claims that moral principles can be reasonably rejected on the basis of merely supposed cases. Thus, to test the principle "creditors always ought to imprison their debtors," we need not find a case that contradicts the principle; it is sufficient if we can imagine a case in which a creditor ought not to imprison a debtor.
In Hare's view, moral reasoning involves four necessary ingredients: (i) a knowledge of all the relevant facts of the case, (ii) an appreciation of the logical framework provided by the constraints of universalizability and prescriptivity, (iii) a set of inclinations, and (iv) the power to imagine what it is like to be in the shoes of others. To discover what we morally ought to do, we must ask whether we would be able to universalize the principles we are inclined to accept. Hare concludes by considering how one might try to escape from the type of moral arguments he advocates. He concludes that although we can often rationally persuade others to adopt our moral views, it might be impossible, even in principle, to do so when dealing with people who have very unusual inclinations.
-Hare claims that moral principles that suggest themselves to us by our:

• A) recognizing that they are supported by the best scientific theories.
• B) intuition.
• C) noting that they would be agreed on by hypothetical contractors.
• D) following out their consequences and seeing whether we can accept them.

Comprehend the processes involved in neurotransmitter release and reception, and their importance in neural communication.

Recognize the protective roles of glial cells in the central nervous system.

Understand the implications of neural transmission speed and its factors.

Understand the key concepts and goals of existential therapy.

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Definitions:

Impairment Loss

A recognized reduction in the recoverable amount of an asset, indicating that its market value has dropped below its book value on the balance sheet.

Double-Declining-Balance

A method of accelerated depreciation which doubles the regular depreciation amount.

Capitalize Development Costs

The accounting practice of adding the costs associated with developing a new product or service to the balance sheet as an asset, rather than expensing them.

Research Costs

Expenses related to the investigation and discovery of new knowledge that could be useful for the development of new products or services.