John Rawls: a Theory of Justice

question 16

True/False

John Rawls: A Theory of Justice
The social contract theory, which has roots in Plato and was developed by Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and Kant, grounds moral requirements in social agreements made for the sake of mutual advantage. Rawls presents a novel social contract theory, which has two main parts. The first part of the theory identifies the correct principles of justice as those "that free and rational persons concerned to further their own interests would accept in an initial position of equality as defining the fundamental terms of their association." To ensure that the principles selected by contractors are fair, Rawls imposes a crucial restriction on the "original position" from which the contractors select principles. In Rawls's theory, the correct principles of justice are those that would be chosen from behind a veil of ignorance, whereby individuals are stripped of any particular knowledge about themselves, their social position, or their conception of the good. In putting forward this idea of the original position, Rawls claims that he is simply making vivid "the restrictions that it seems reasonable to impose on arguments for the principles of justice."
Rawls maintains that contractors in the original position would agree on two principles of justice. First, "each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive scheme of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar scheme of liberties for others." Second, "social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both (a) reasonably expected to be to everyone's advantage, and (b) attached to positions and offices open to all." The first of these principles is lexically prior to the second - i.e., the first principle (concerning liberty) trumps the second (concerning inequality). The guiding thought behind the two principles, Rawls claims, is that inequalities can be just only when they benefit the least advantaged members of society. Rawls points out that his theory thus differs sharply from utilitarianism, according to which we ought to maximize well-being, and shares commonalities with Kant's moral philosophy.
-Rawls objects to utilitarianism on the grounds that it does not take seriously the distinction between persons.

Understand the regulatory framework for international trade, including import standards.

Be aware of the principles of U.S. trade policy regarding tariffs and trade barriers.

Differentiate between fair trade and free trade in the context of labor, environmental, and public health standards.

Identify the role and goals of the International Labour Organization (ILO).

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Definitions:

Uncertain Event

An occurrence or outcome that cannot be predicted with total confidence due to the unpredictability of certain factors or information.

Odds Increase

"Odds increase" implies that the probability or likelihood of a specific event or outcome happening is rising.

Gambler's Fallacy

The incorrect belief that future probabilities are altered by past events in a random process.

State Lottery

A government-regulated form of gambling which involves the drawing of numbers for a prize.