David Gauthier: Why Contractarianism

question 8

Multiple Choice

David Gauthier: Why Contractarianism?
Gauthier begins by claiming that morality faces a foundational crisis: morality's supposed authority depends on a worldview we no longer accept - one according to which the world is purposively ordered. Because of this, there is a serious question as to why we should accept the constraints of morality, given that these constraints purport to be independent of our desires and interests. This question becomes particularly pressing when obeying the dictates of morality would require sacrificing our interests for the sake of someone or something that we do not personally care about.
Some respond to this challenge by claiming that morality needs no justification. Gauthier claims that such a vindication is necessary, however. And we have an alternative method for justifying our actions that makes no reference to moral considerations. This method is that of deliberative justification, according to which an action is justified if and only if it maximizes the agent's expected utility (where utility is understood in terms of considered preferences) . Even if we were to do away with morality, we could still justify our actions via deliberative rationality.
Gauthier claims that there are three possible ways for morality to survive the challenge he has raised. One could argue that (i) we must postulate moral facts to explain our experiences, or (ii) one could argue that deliberative justification is somehow incomplete, or (iii) one could try to locate morality within the framework of deliberative rationality. Gauthier embraces the third way of resolving the crisis. He conceives of morality as a set of rules that constrain people's behavior, but that are mutually agreed on because they are to everyone's advantage. Because we gain more than we lose by submitting to such rules, deliberative rationality councils us to accept them.
-Gauthier defines "utility" as:

• A) pleasure..
• B) happiness.
• C) considered preference.
• D) none of the above.

Understand and calculate values based on proportional relationships.

Analyze and solve problems involving repeating and terminating decimals.

Determine the effect of percentage changes on values.

Convert mixed numbers to decimals and percentages.

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Definitions:

Diffuse Feeling States

Broad, often unclear emotional experiences that lack a specific, identifiable cause and can influence mood and behavior.

Long-lasting

Refers to something that endures or continues over a significant period, showing durability or permanence.

Low Intensity

Referring to activities or situations that require a minimal amount of energy, effort, or concentration.

Emotion

An intricate mental state characterized by a personal experience, a bodily reaction, and a response shown through behavior or expression.