Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing

question 23

Essay

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
Annas begins by describing the orthodox way of doing ethics in the twentieth century. The standard aim of ethical theory, she maintains, has been the search for a decision procedure - i.e., a specific set of instructions for how to act that applies to everyone in the same way. Annas believes that this "manual model" of ethics should be rejected, and replaced with the approach offered by virtue ethics.
Before turning to her virtue-based approach, Annas offers three main criticisms of the manual model of ethics. First, the manual model predicts there could be moral savants. But, unlike in mathematics, there are no moral savants. Children are moral idiots. Second, the manual model makes possible a person brilliant at giving moral advice, while having a character and values that are morally detestable. But this, Annas claims, is absurd. Third, and most importantly by Annas's lights, the manual model of morality give specific and decisive answers concerning what we should do - i.e., we are told what to do. But we do not want morality dictating our lives around. Aren't we, Annas questions, losing an important sense in which we should be making our own decisions? Virtue ethics, Annas claims, avoids these problems.
According to Annas, we should think of becoming virtuous on the lines of learning to be a builder. To become a better builder you start by picking a role model and copying what she does. Slowly, you learn to build better, engaging in the activity in a way which is less dependent on the examples of others and expresses more understanding of your own. Finally, you progress from piecemeal understanding of building to a more unified understanding of building. You have, that is, become a good builder. Being morally good, Annas argues, proceeds in this same way. We look to virtuous human beings, and the practical wisdom they demonstrate, so that we too can become virtuous - doing the right thing, for the right reasons, with the right motive. In short, we learn to live virtuous lives by acting as the virtuous person acts, until we can grasp what virtue demands for ourselves. Thus, just as what is right for one acquiring a skill depends on her stage of development, the morally right action differs depending on where the agent is in her development of a virtuous character.
-Annas draws an analogy between becoming virtuous and developing a skill. She also criticizes the manual model of ethics for being paternalistic. Do you think being told to look to exemplars is more or less paternalistic than being told to follow a manual? Explain your answer.

Comprehend the concept of margin of safety, both in dollar terms and as a percentage of sales, and its importance in measuring financial risk.

Apply cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis principles to make informed financial and operational decisions.

Understand and differentiate between variable, fixed, and mixed costs, including their behavior per unit and in total within the relevant range.

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Definitions:

Military Aid

Assistance provided by one country to another in the form of defense equipment, training, or other support services for military purposes.

Commercial Activities

Business operations and transactions involving the exchange of goods and services with the objective of earning profit.

High Tariffs

Government-imposed taxes on imported or exported goods intended to protect domestic industries, but can lead to international trade disputes.

Freedom From Want

A concept popularized by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as one of the Four Freedoms, referring to the right to an adequate standard of living and economic security.