Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing

question 2

Multiple Choice

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
Annas begins by describing the orthodox way of doing ethics in the twentieth century. The standard aim of ethical theory, she maintains, has been the search for a decision procedure - i.e., a specific set of instructions for how to act that applies to everyone in the same way. Annas believes that this "manual model" of ethics should be rejected, and replaced with the approach offered by virtue ethics.
Before turning to her virtue-based approach, Annas offers three main criticisms of the manual model of ethics. First, the manual model predicts there could be moral savants. But, unlike in mathematics, there are no moral savants. Children are moral idiots. Second, the manual model makes possible a person brilliant at giving moral advice, while having a character and values that are morally detestable. But this, Annas claims, is absurd. Third, and most importantly by Annas's lights, the manual model of morality give specific and decisive answers concerning what we should do - i.e., we are told what to do. But we do not want morality dictating our lives around. Aren't we, Annas questions, losing an important sense in which we should be making our own decisions? Virtue ethics, Annas claims, avoids these problems.
According to Annas, we should think of becoming virtuous on the lines of learning to be a builder. To become a better builder you start by picking a role model and copying what she does. Slowly, you learn to build better, engaging in the activity in a way which is less dependent on the examples of others and expresses more understanding of your own. Finally, you progress from piecemeal understanding of building to a more unified understanding of building. You have, that is, become a good builder. Being morally good, Annas argues, proceeds in this same way. We look to virtuous human beings, and the practical wisdom they demonstrate, so that we too can become virtuous - doing the right thing, for the right reasons, with the right motive. In short, we learn to live virtuous lives by acting as the virtuous person acts, until we can grasp what virtue demands for ourselves. Thus, just as what is right for one acquiring a skill depends on her stage of development, the morally right action differs depending on where the agent is in her development of a virtuous character.
-One common objection to virtue ethics, according to Annas, is that:

• A) it is too vague to be capable of telling us what to do.
• B) it is too vague to resolve ethical disagreement
• C) it tends to be parochial in a way unsuitable for ethical thinking.
• D) all of the above.

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Definitions:

NADH

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) is a coenzyme involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another in cellular respiration.

FADH2

A reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide, a molecule that plays a crucial role in cellular respiration by transporting electrons.

Glycolysis

A metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, releasing energy and pyruvic acid in the process, occurring in the cytoplasm of cells.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate. Nucleotide that consists of an adenine base, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. Functions as a subunit of RNA and as a coenzyme in many reactions. Important energy carrier.