Virginia Held: Feminist Transformations of Moral Theory

question 22

Multiple Choice

Virginia Held: Feminist Transformations of Moral Theory
Held argues that the history of moral philosophy is deeply infected by male bias, so much so that even the main concepts of the discipline reflect a lack of respect for women's experiences. In particular, Held discusses three broad ideas in moral philosophy that she finds particularly problematic from a feminist perspective. The first is the traditional conception of the relationship between reason and emotion. Many philosophers have held that reason should play a primary role in ethics, either by discovering universal moral principles, or impartially calculating the costs and benefits of various actions. Against this, Held argues for giving the emotions a prominent role in our moral lives, especially the emotions of care that accompany close relationships.
Second, Held criticizes the traditional interpretation of the distinction between the public and the private. On this conception, "the public realm is seen as the distinctively human realm in which man transcends his animal nature, while the private realm of the household is seen as the natural region in which women merely reproduce the species." Held objects to this conception, and argues that motherhood equally "transcends animal nature," especially insofar as it involves helping children to develop as moral beings. Held finds the relationship of care implicit in motherhood to be of particular moral importance, and regards traditional moral philosophy as deficient for neglecting it.
Finally, Held critiques the common conception of the self as a rational individual, independent and largely self-interested. She argues that close attention to the experiences of women yields a conception of the self as deeply enmeshed in particular relationships in which self-interest and altruism are no longer easy to distinguish. Given these three instances of male bias, Held argues, moral philosophy is in need of a radical transformation to take adequate account of the experiences of women.
-Held argues that emotions:

• A) are unimportant to moral theory, and have rightly been largely discounted.
• B) are unimportant to moral theory, and have played too large a role in traditional theories.
• C) are important to moral theory, and have been wrongly discounted.
• D) are important to moral theory, and have rightly been emphasized in traditional theories.

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Definitions:

Assertiveness

The quality of being self-assured and confident without being aggressive, allowing for clear and respectful communication of one's opinions and needs.

Collectivism

A cultural value that prioritizes group goals over individual goals and emphasizes the importance of cohesion within social groups.

Uncertainty Avoidance

A cultural or individual preference for clear procedures and rules as a way to reduce the unpredictability of future events.

Hierarchy Orientation

A focus on the structure of ranking within an organization, emphasizing the roles, responsibilities, and power distribution among its members.