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Virginia Held: Feminist Transformations of Moral Theory

question 12

Multiple Choice

Virginia Held: Feminist Transformations of Moral Theory
Held argues that the history of moral philosophy is deeply infected by male bias, so much so that even the main concepts of the discipline reflect a lack of respect for women's experiences. In particular, Held discusses three broad ideas in moral philosophy that she finds particularly problematic from a feminist perspective. The first is the traditional conception of the relationship between reason and emotion. Many philosophers have held that reason should play a primary role in ethics, either by discovering universal moral principles, or impartially calculating the costs and benefits of various actions. Against this, Held argues for giving the emotions a prominent role in our moral lives, especially the emotions of care that accompany close relationships.
Second, Held criticizes the traditional interpretation of the distinction between the public and the private. On this conception, "the public realm is seen as the distinctively human realm in which man transcends his animal nature, while the private realm of the household is seen as the natural region in which women merely reproduce the species." Held objects to this conception, and argues that motherhood equally "transcends animal nature," especially insofar as it involves helping children to develop as moral beings. Held finds the relationship of care implicit in motherhood to be of particular moral importance, and regards traditional moral philosophy as deficient for neglecting it.
Finally, Held critiques the common conception of the self as a rational individual, independent and largely self-interested. She argues that close attention to the experiences of women yields a conception of the self as deeply enmeshed in particular relationships in which self-interest and altruism are no longer easy to distinguish. Given these three instances of male bias, Held argues, moral philosophy is in need of a radical transformation to take adequate account of the experiences of women.
-Held claims that for most of human history the public sphere has been:

Definitions:

Archetypes

Universal, symbolic images or themes that recur across different cultures and literature, reflecting common human experiences.

Defense Mechanisms

Psychological strategies used unconsciously by individuals to protect themselves from anxiety or unacceptable thoughts and feelings.

Erogenous Zones

Specific areas of the body that are especially sensitive to stimulation and can lead to sexual arousal.

Sigmund Freud

He was a neurologist from Austria and the pioneer of psychoanalysis, a treatment modality for mental illnesses utilizing verbal exchanges between an analyst and a patient seeking help.