Virginia Held: Feminist Transformations of Moral Theory

question 30

True/False

Virginia Held: Feminist Transformations of Moral Theory
Held argues that the history of moral philosophy is deeply infected by male bias, so much so that even the main concepts of the discipline reflect a lack of respect for women's experiences. In particular, Held discusses three broad ideas in moral philosophy that she finds particularly problematic from a feminist perspective. The first is the traditional conception of the relationship between reason and emotion. Many philosophers have held that reason should play a primary role in ethics, either by discovering universal moral principles, or impartially calculating the costs and benefits of various actions. Against this, Held argues for giving the emotions a prominent role in our moral lives, especially the emotions of care that accompany close relationships.
Second, Held criticizes the traditional interpretation of the distinction between the public and the private. On this conception, "the public realm is seen as the distinctively human realm in which man transcends his animal nature, while the private realm of the household is seen as the natural region in which women merely reproduce the species." Held objects to this conception, and argues that motherhood equally "transcends animal nature," especially insofar as it involves helping children to develop as moral beings. Held finds the relationship of care implicit in motherhood to be of particular moral importance, and regards traditional moral philosophy as deficient for neglecting it.
Finally, Held critiques the common conception of the self as a rational individual, independent and largely self-interested. She argues that close attention to the experiences of women yields a conception of the self as deeply enmeshed in particular relationships in which self-interest and altruism are no longer easy to distinguish. Given these three instances of male bias, Held argues, moral philosophy is in need of a radical transformation to take adequate account of the experiences of women.
-In modern moral philosophy, the priority accorded to reason is exemplified by Kant's Categorical Imperative and rational choice theory by according to Held.

Identify the impacts of discrepancies in the numeric and written amounts in a negotiable instrument.

Recognize the legal framework governing commercial paper, including relevant sections of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC).

Distinguish between the various types of negotiable instruments and their specific functions.

Assess the implications of certain clauses or terms on the negotiability of an instrument.

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Definitions:

Discount Rate

The interest rate used to determine the present value of future cash flows in discounted cash flow analysis; also refers to the interest rate charged by central banks on loans to commercial banks.

Cash Flows

The complete sum of cash inflows and outflows within a corporation, severely impacting its liquidity stance.

Present Value

The present-day financial assessment of a sum of money to be received later or a series of cash flows, based on a specific rate of return.

Discount Rate

In discounted cash flow analysis, the Discount Rate refers to the interest rate employed to ascertain the present value of future cash flows.