Celia Wolf-Devine: Proportional Representation

question 2

True/False

Celia Wolf-Devine: Proportional Representation
In "Proportional Representation," Celia Wolf-Devine examines what she takes to be a basic presupposition of the debate over affirmative action: that the low percentage of women and minorities employed as college professors relative to their proportion in society as a whole is a problem in need of remedy. She presents two arguments for this claim and finds each of them wanting. According to the first argument, the under-representation of women and minorities in academia must, as a requirement of justice, be remedied because it is the result of discrimination. Wolf-Devine, however, argues that this under-representation can be reasonably explained by factors other than discrimination. For example, Wolf-Devine argues that there is no reason to suppose all racial and ethnic groups share an equally strong desire to pursue college teaching. On Wolf-Devine's view, different ethnic and racial groups have different ideas about what careers are most prestigious and worth pursuing. In addition, large numbers of racial and ethnic minorities have been scarred by the effects of poverty, which have created serious obstacles to entering college, let alone entering college teaching. And with respect to women, Wolf-Devine claims that their statistical under-representation may partly reflect personal preferences and choices-such as decisions to spend more time on childcare-rather than simply the operation of discriminatory hiring.
According to the second argument Wolf-Devine considers, college faculties should reduce the under-representation of women and minorities because of the benefit brought by the resulting increase in diversity. Given that intelligent dialogue is a vital part of the purpose of universities, Wolf-Devine accepts that intellectual diversity is beneficial. However, Wolf-Devine argues that gender and racial diversity does not guarantee intellectual diversity. In fact, gender and racial diversity is compatible with total ideological conformity in Wolf-Devine's view. Moreover, Wolf-Devine argues that we should not suppose that an individuals' gender or race indicates what beliefs or intellectual commitments they hold. Indeed, to do so is to engage in a demeaning form of stereotyping according to Wolf-Devine.
-According to Wolf-Devine, a person's gender and race offer a reliable guide to what he or she believes.

Define and differentiate between product line and product mix.

Distinguish between goods and services within marketing contexts.

Identify the factors contributing to the rise in new product development.

Understand the roles of new-category entries in market expansion and brand development.

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Investment Decision

The process of evaluating the potential profitability or worth of an investment or project.

Financial Intermediaries

Institutions such as banks, mortgage companies, and finance companies, that serve as go-betweens, borrowing from people who have saved to make loans to others.

Capital

Wealth in the form of money or assets, invested in order to start a business or invest in order to generate more wealth.

Real GDP

Gross domestic product adjusted for changes in the price level, providing a more accurate picture of an economy's size and growth.