In This Famous Dialogue Philo (Who Reflects Hume's Views on the Subject)

question 13

True/False

In this famous dialogue Philo (who reflects Hume's views on the subject) gives us the classic critique of the argument from design. In the parts reproduced here, Cleanthes (the natural theologian) states the argument and asserts, "By this argument a posteriori, and by this argument alone, do we prove at once the existence of a Deity and his similarity to human mind and intelligence." Philo replies that the argument rests on an extremely weak analogy from which we can derive no more than a guess about a deity. The dissimilarities between the universe and a human-crafted machine are too great to draw the conclusion that Cleanthes seeks. We cannot, for example, draw a conclusion about the origin of the vast universe as a whole from a fact about the origin of a tiny part of the universe (a house or a ship, for instance). Furthermore, if we try to infer the nature of a Designer from facts about the natural world and human designers, we would have to conclude that the Designer may not be infinite (because the world is finite), may not be perfect (because nature is full of imperfections), and may not be single (because it is possible that the world was made by many deities).
-Philo says that we can always argue soundly from a part to the whole.

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Definitions:

Synovial Cavity

A space between the articulating bones of a synovial joint that is filled with synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint to reduce friction during movement.

Articular Cartilage

A smooth, lubricated surface covering the ends of bones in a joint, facilitating smooth movement and acting as a cushion to absorb impact.

Diarthroses

A category of joints in the human body that are freely movable, including ball-and-socket joints and hinge joints, allowing for a wide range of movements.

Synovial Membrane

The lining of joint cavities that secretes synovial fluid, providing lubrication to reduce friction between cartilage surfaces in movable joints.