In This Selection Russell First Distinguishes Between Knowledge by Acquaintance

question 6

True/False

In this selection Russell first distinguishes between knowledge by acquaintance (e.g., knowledge by appearances, such as "I seem to see a red book," "I am in pain," or "I think, therefore I am") and knowledge by description (knowledge of truths, such as your knowing that you are really seeing a red book or that your pain is caused by having twisted your ankle). Knowledge by acquaintance is generally thought to be infallible because believing it makes the proposition true. But the same is not the case for descriptive knowledge claims because your beliefs could be false. Thus, descriptive knowledge is dualistic-it has the properties of truth and falsity as opposites-whereas knowledge by acquaintance is monistic and does not admit such opposites. Russell goes on to specify the conditions for an adequate theory of truth and shows how the correspondence theory meets these conditions, whereas the coherence theory does not.
-Russell is a skeptic.

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Definitions:

Aristotle

An ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, whose writings covered diverse fields such as metaphysics, biology, ethics, and politics, significantly influencing Western intellectual history.

Phylogeny

The complete evolutionary history of a group of organisms.

Evolutionary History

Describes the processes and pathways through which species have changed and diversified over time from common ancestors.

Common Ancestor

The most recent individual from which any two or more species are descended.