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Stace (1886-1967) Attempts to Reconcile Free Will with Causal Determinism

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Stace (1886-1967) attempts to reconcile free will with causal determinism. He takes the position that William James labeled "soft determinism" (compatibilism). We must have free will to be held morally responsible, and yet it seems plausible that all our actions are caused. How can these two apparently inconsistent ideas be brought together? Stace argues that the problem is merely a verbal dispute and that, rightly understood, there is no inconsistency in holding to both doctrines. Free actions are those we do voluntarily, whereas unfree actions are those we do involuntarily.
-Stace believes that free acts are rare.

Knowledge of the history and development of IQ testing, including key tests and figures.
Understand the significance of determining the average score in assessing individual IQ test performance.
Recognize the impact of external factors like music lessons on IQ scores.
Comprehend the concept of crystallized intelligence and its acquisition.

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