Thomas Nagel Is Professor of Philosophy at New York University

question 7

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Thomas Nagel is professor of philosophy at New York University and the author of several works in moral and political philosophy. In this selection Nagel challenges the Kantian way of viewing morality, which assumes that we are all equal rational participants in the moral enterprise, each having the same opportunity to be moral. Nagel suggests that this view is simplistic and fails to take into account the manner in which external factors impinge upon us. They introduce the idea of moral luck, which he defines thus: "Where a significant aspect of what someone does depends on factors beyond his control, yet we continue to treat him in that respect as an object of moral judgment, it can be called moral luck."
Four types of moral luck are considered: constitutive luck, circumstantial luck, consequential luck in which consequences retrospectively justify an otherwise immoral act (or fail to justify an otherwise moral act), and consequential luck in which the consequences affect the type of blame or remorse (or moral praise).
-Two models of the moral saint are the Loving Saint and the Rational Saint.

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Optic

pertains to the eye or vision, often used in contexts relating to the optic nerve or optic pathways in the visual system.

Broca's Area

Broca's area is a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere (usually the left) of the brain associated with speech production and language processing.

Cerebral Cortex

A layer of brain tissue responsible for cognitive functions, memory, and consciousness.

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

The region of the brain that processes sensory input from the body, including touch, temperature, and pain.