Research That Examines the Consequences of Labeling Shows Which of the Following

question 23

Multiple Choice

Research that examines the consequences of labeling shows which of the following?

• A) Labeling theory receives almost no research support as an explanation for delinquency.
• B) Formal labels by the juvenile justice system influence subsequent offending, but informal labels do not.
• C) Informal labels influence subsequent offending, but formal labels do not.
• D) Both formal and informal labels influence subsequent offending.

---

Definitions:

Pavlov

A Russian physiologist known for his discovery of classical conditioning during his experiments on the digestive systems of dogs.

Nobel Prize

An international recognition awarded annually in several categories such as Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences, for outstanding contributions in these fields.

Salivation

The secretion of saliva from the salivary glands in the mouth, which is often a response to the presence or thought of food, aiding in digestion.

Conditioned Response

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has become conditioned through association.