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Punishment withdraws a negative event to increase desirable behavior.
Pretest
An initial test or assessment conducted before the main test or experiment to evaluate participants' baseline abilities, knowledge, or attitudes.
Pretest-Posttest
A research design that measures the effect of an intervention by comparing conditions before and after the intervention is applied.
Posttest-Only
A research design where measures are taken only after the experimental manipulation, without a pretest comparison.
Mortality
The loss of subjects who decide to leave an experiment. Mortality is a threat to internal validity when the mortality rate is related to the nature of the experimental manipulation.
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