One of the Most Consistent Findings from Studies Examining the Effects

question 64

Multiple Choice

One of the most consistent findings from studies examining the effects of smoking on prenatal development is that babies born to smokers

• A) are more likely to be mentally challenged than babies born to nonsmokers
• B) are more likely to have learning disorders than babies born to nonsmokers.
• C) are likely to be smaller in size than babies born to nonsmokers.
• D) are not distinguishable from babies born to nonsmokers.

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Definitions:

Tolman

A psychologist known for his work on cognitive maps and latent learning in rats, suggesting that behavior is more goal-oriented than mechanistic.

Skinner

An American psychologist and behaviorist known for his development of the theory of operant conditioning.

Contingency Theory

A theory in organizational behavior that suggests the effectiveness of leadership depends on the situation at hand and how certain factors affect the situation's outcome.

Social Learning

The process of acquiring new behaviors through observation and imitation of others, as proposed by Albert Bandura.