Preliminary Studies on Animals Suggest That Opioids Can Exert Analgesic

question 2

Multiple Choice

Preliminary studies on animals suggest that opioids can exert analgesic effects when administered directly into peripheral tissues (e.g.,injected into an inflamed joint) because

• A) opioids decrease the production of inflammatory substances in peripheral tissues
• B) opioids increase vasodilation in peripheral tissues
• C) opioids cause vasoconstriction in peripheral tissues
• D) opioids may bind to receptors located on the distal (peripheral) ends of primary afferent (sensory) neurons.
• E) there is no evidence that opioids can produce analgesic effects outside to the CNS

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Definitions:

Availability Heuristic

A cognitive shortcut based on the first examples that pop into someone's mind when considering a particular topic, concept, approach, or choice.

Ease of Retrieval Effect

A psychological phenomenon where the ease with which information can be retrieved from memory influences judgments of its frequency or importance.

Representative Heuristic

A mental shortcut used in decision-making, where the likelihood of an event is estimated based on how similar it is to the stereotype of the event.

Correspondent Inference

The process by which observers infer the stable dispositions of others from their observed behavior, particularly when the actions are non-common or unexpected.