The Term Shadow Welfare State Refers to

question 25

Multiple Choice

The term shadow welfare state refers to

• A) the government benefits that people obtain by fraudulently claiming eligibility for programs for which they would not otherwise qualify.
• B) the federally subsidized social benefits that private employers offer to their workers.
• C) social benefits that are provided by private individuals rather than by government agencies.
• D) social benefits that state and local governments provide without including the costs in their official budgets.

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Definitions:

Expected Value

The anticipated value of a variable, computed as the sum of all possible values each multiplied by the probability of its occurrence.

Fair Bet

A betting proposition where the expected gains or losses are theoretically equal, implying no advantage to either side.

Zero Sum Game

A situation in-game theory where one participant's gain or loss is exactly balanced by the losses or gains of the other participants.

Utility

The measure of satisfaction or value that an individual derives from consuming goods and services.