In the Drake Equation (Number of Civilizations = NHP ×

question 54

Multiple Choice

In the Drake equation (Number of Civilizations = NHP × f_life × f_civ × f_now , what do we mean by f_ now?

• A) The fraction of planets with civilizations at the present time (as opposed to only in the past or future)
• B) The fraction of planets in the galaxy on which a civilization could theoretically develop right now
• C) The fraction of civilizations in the universe that currently are sending messages to us
• D) The fraction of all species ever to exist that we currently are aware of

---

Definitions:

Production Costs

The expenses associated with producing goods or services, including materials, labor, and overhead.

Qualitatively Inferior Inputs

refer to resources or materials used in production that are of lower quality compared to standard or expected inputs, potentially affecting the final product's quality.

Leftward Shift

Occurs when a supply or demand curve moves to the left on a graph, indicating a decrease in supply or demand at any given price.

Technique of Production

The method or process employed in creating goods or services, incorporating factors like labor, machinery, and technology.