Although Alarm Calling Benefits the Whole Group, It Cannot Be

question 5

Multiple Choice

Although alarm calling benefits the whole group, it cannot be explained by group selection because

• A) callers make themselves conspicuous to the predators, but calling costs little in terms of individual fitness.
• B) calling reduces the risk of mortality for everyone who hears the call, changing the frequency of callers and noncallers in the population, because everyone benefits.
• C) noncallers benefit from the alarm call and will have higher fitness than the callers, so selection will suppress alarm calling.
• D) callers and noncallers have the same relative fitness.

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Investment funds that pool assets from various accounts, combining them into one larger portfolio to achieve economies of scale and diversification.

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