Which of the Following Is a Characteristic of Vertical Communication

question 31

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a characteristic of vertical communication?

• A) It consists exclusively of messages from subordinates to superiors.
• B) It is limited to communication between two subsequent levels in an organization.
• C) It can involve only two people.
• D) It includes communication that flows up and down an organization.
• E) It typically covers informal reporting lines.

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Definitions:

Regulatory Focus Theory

A theory suggesting that people approach goals in two ways: promotion focus (striving for gains) and prevention focus (avoiding losses), affecting motivation and behavior.

Terror Management Theory

A psychological theory suggesting that fear of death motivates humans to adopt cultural beliefs and behaviors that help to manage this fear.

Psychological Reactance Theory

A theory that suggests individuals have an innate response to resist threats to their freedom of choice or behavior, leading to a motivational state aimed at reasserting control.

Strong Attitudes

Deeply held beliefs that are resistant to change and have a significant influence on behavior.