The Textbook Points Out That Ingroup and Outgroup Distinctions __________

question 51

Multiple Choice

The textbook points out that ingroup and outgroup distinctions __________.

• A)may encourage social cohesion among group members
• B)serve to prevent classism, racism, sexism, and ageism
• C)discourage feelings of group superiority
• D)are less likely to exist in contemporary societies than in traditional ones

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Definitions:

Operant Conditioning

Modifying behavior through the use of positive or negative consequences following specific behaviors.

Pavlovian Conditioning

A form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response, named after Ivan Pavlov.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

Reinforcement Theory

Reinforcement Theory is a psychological principle that suggests behavior is shaped by its consequences, with positive reinforcement encouraging and negative reinforcement discouraging certain actions.